11/24/2023 0 Comments Potato fungicides![]() Fungal genomes are very unstable and may contain thousands of polymorphisms. Basically, fungicides disrupt metabolism and threaten the fungal survival, and as a result, pathogenic fungi can initiate mechanisms to resist lethal effects. Its interaction with fungicide forces it to modify itself for its survival. The life cycle of fungus is so small that evolution happens frequently. Also, in other single-site inhibitors such as the phenylamides and the strobilurins, resistant strains got developed within 2 years after the compounds, were introduced to the market and widely used. Surprisingly, after 2 years, the apple scab fungus Venturia inaequalis and the polyphagous grey mould fungus Botrytis cinerea developed resistance against benzimidazoles. Examples of single-site inhibitors are strobilurins, phenylamides and benzimidazoles, which were released to the market in the late 1970s and in the mid-1990s. ![]() ![]() In the progress highly specific modern fungicides, which block only one target in the pathogen (monospecific fungicides or single-site inhibitors), were developed. Thus, these fungicides were curative and allowed to control pathogens after infection had occurred. Later, numerous cases of fungicide resistance have occurred worldwide because of release of fungicides with several target sites (so-called multi-side inhibitors) to the market, like organomercurials, regardless of their human toxicity and environmental pollution.Īlong with that, systemic fungicides are also released which were taken up by the plant and are subsequently distributed within the entire plant, protecting also newly formed tissues. There was the multi-billion-dollar industry that has modern fungicides belonging to various chemical classes, differing in their mode of action against pathogens and characteristics of uptake and distribution within the plant. ![]() Chemical plant protection schemes were developed at the beginning of the twentieth century with copper and sulphur as antifungal agents to control downy and powdery mildews. The record of severe epidemics, which threatened crops, is reported in early Greek and Roman literature in 500 BC, and in the Roman world, Robigus, the God for cereals, was worshipped to prevent crop failure. Development of human civilization has been closely associated with the cultivation of crops, and plant diseases have been a concern to mankind probably since plants were cultivated more than 10,000 years ago. ![]()
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